2012年10月号- エイゴパス英会話レッスン 月刊ニュースレター

英語ニュース Current Internet NEWS!! <新着ネットニュース>
英語のビデオ Video News (Domestic and World Events/国内&世界の動画ニュース)
Business English <ビジネス英語フレーズ>
Grammar Study<今月の文法学習>
TOEICクイズ TOEIC Study Quiz<TOEICテスト>
Monthly Column – <今月のコラム>
 
   
You can read the article below and use it in your lessons to discuss with your teacher. — この記事を読んで先生とレッスンで話し合おう!
The U.S. Presidential Election 2012 – Who? What? How? Why? When?

–Let’s address the "who" question. —

THE CANDIDATES

The front-runners in the 2012 United States presidential election are Barack Obama, incumbent president and Democratic Party nominee, and Mitt Romney, Republican Party nominee and former Governor of Massachusetts.

Obama is running on a re-election ticket with his current vice president Joe Biden, a former senator for Delaware.Romney’s pick for vice president is Paul Ryan, a member of the House of Representatives for Wisconsin’s 1st District.

WHAT? – THE 2012 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

In the US, a president can not serve more than two four year terms. As Obama has served his first term, he is now running for re-election for his second term. US presidential elections are held every four years, and coincide with the biennial elections for the Senate and the House of Representatives – the two law-making bodies which make up Congress (the governing bodies of the U.S. government).

HOW? – Good question.. Let’s try to keep it simple (if possible)

Although ballot papers show the names of presidential and vice presidential candidates, the US president is not directly elected by the voting public. When they go to the polling booth, US voters are actually electing a group of secondary ‘electors’ who form a group known collectively as the Electoral College. It is the votes cast by the Electoral College that, in the end, decide the next president. (confused yet? ) me too!

Imagine Japan were divided into 50 parts/areas/prefectures and the total "votes" that are available equal 100 votes were to be split among these areas. Would it be reasonable to give Yamanashi and Tottori each 2 votes while also giving Kyoto and Tokyo each two votes given the two former prefectures have a combined population of 1.5 million people compared to latter boasting close to 13.5 million people?

If a candidate needed 51 votes to become Prime Minister of Japan (assuming citizens were able to elect their Prime Minister), he or she would only need to campaign and get smaller areas to vote for them. This would be quite unfair since smaller areas do not really represent the entire population. Therefore, "votes" are divided proportionately to each area depending on its population size to provide a sense of fairness in elections.

Why? – Another good question! The issues

The econony – Do people want more or less government involvement? Citizens will express their vision on how to improve their lives economically (kind of).. Do they support the actions of stimulus spending to improve the economy or do they support austerity measures?

Medical care – The US, unlike Japan, does not have a national system of medical care that provides a blanket coverage to a majority of citizens. Some are against government intervention in their private medical options. Others support more government involvement as they feel these are basic services that should be available to all.

The world – How is the US viewed in terms of the world stage? Is it respected or frowned on depending on its diplomatic actions on global issues?

These are just a very small part of the issues that each candidate brings to the table. Americans are not just choosing a President but rather a direction that their entire country will take in the future.

When? – November 6th, 2012 (TUESDAY)

Election Day – Many people have held the belief that elections are held on Tuesday to increase voter turnout. More people would go vote if they could leave the office right?!

Actually, this tradition dates back to over 200 years ago when the U.S. was first formed. Election day coincided with the end of harvest (as most people back then were farmers) and allowed for them to make time to vote. It has continued to this very day.

 
 

ディスカッションポイント!:

<日本語訳>

- 「誰が」の問題に着目しましょう-

候補者

2012年アメリカ大統領選挙の最有力候補者は現職大統領であり民主党候補者であるバラック・オバマ氏と共和党候補者であり、マサチュセッツ州の元知事であるミット・ロムニー氏である。

オバマ氏は再選において、現在の副大統領であるデラウェア州の元上院議員ジョー・バイデン氏と共に立候補している。ロムニー氏の副大統領候補は、ウィスコンシン州1区の下院議員であるポール・ライアン氏である。

何を? - 2012年大統領選挙

アメリカでは、大統領は4年の任期を二回以上勤めることはできない。オバマ氏は1回目の任期を終えようとしているため、2回目の任期の再選に立候補している。アメリカの大統領選挙は4年毎に行われ、国会の法律を作り上げる上院・下院(米国政府を運営する組織)の2年に一度の選挙と同時に起こる。

どのように? - 良い質問だ…(できる限り)簡潔に説明しよう

投票用紙には大統領と副大統領候補の名前が示されているが、アメリカの大統領は投票する市民が直接選ぶわけではない。投票所に行くことで、実際には、有権者(投票者)は集合的に選挙人団とよばれている二次的な「投票者」を選んでいるのである。そして、この選挙人団によって投票された票が最終的に次の大統領を決定するのである。(混乱したかな?)私も!

日本が50の部分・地域・県に分かれていると想像して下さい。そして、総合して100個の票がこれらの地域間で分けられる。ここで、合わせて150万の人口を持つ山梨や鳥取に比べ1350万の人口を誇る京都や東京を踏まえて、前者に2個ずつの票を与え、後者にも2個ずつの票を与えるのは道理にかなっているといえるだろうか。

日本の総理大臣となるため、立候補者には51個の票が必要だとしよう(市民が総理を選ぶことができるとして)。立候補者は選挙運動をして小さい地域のみ投票してもらうようにすれば良い。だが、小さい地域が人口全体を代表するわけではないため、これは不公平である。そのため、選挙において公平さを生み出すために、「票」は各地域の人口によってつり合った分量が分け与えられるのだ。

なぜ?-また良い質問!論争点

経済-人々は政府介入をより多く要求するかより少なく要求するか。市民は自らの生活を経済的にどのように向上すべきかとのビジョン(理想像)を表す(ある程度)…経済を向上させる景気刺激策の支出を支持するか、又は緊縮政策措置を支持するか。

医療-日本とは異なって、アメリカには大多数の市民を包括する国家的な医療システムはない。民間の医療オプションにおいて政治的介入を拒むものもいる。又、これらは全ての人に提供されるべき基本的なサービスであると考え、より多くの政治的介入を支持するものもいる。

世界-アメリカは世界においてどのように見られているだろうか。世界的問題における外交上の行動に関して尊敬を得ているだろうか、賛同されていないだろうか。

これらは各候補者が提供する問題のほんの一部である。アメリカ人は大統領を選ぶだけでなく、国家が将来進むべき方向を決めているのだ。

いつ?-2012年11月6日(火曜日)

選挙日-選挙は、投票率をあげるため火曜日に行われていると多くの人は信じている。会社をから出ることができるならより多くの人が選挙に行くと思いませんか?

この慣例は実際アメリカが創立された200年以上も前に由来する。選挙の日は収穫の終わりと重なっており(ほとんどの人は当時農民であったため)、選挙に行く時間があるようにしたものであった。それが今日まで続いているのである。

 
 
 
   
  New! Learning through Speeches
 
 
 
Business English Expression and Phrases <ビジネス英会話フレーズ>
-Learn expressions such as idioms and slang that is unique to culture, age, and business!
新しい英語表現: 文化・時代・ビジネスで使う特有なイディオム表現や俗語を覚えよう!

Tanaka san and John are having a beer at a local pub in Shinjuku. They are discussing their ideas regarding differences in business styles of Japanese and American corporations.

 
Tanaka: Let me be sure I understand where you are coming from. Your view regarding my proposal was to target customers better?
 
John: Well, in a nutshell, yes. To attract and maintain a strong customer base, you have to get inside their brains. Know what makes the customers of today "click"!
 
Tanaka: I am not quite up to speed with what you mean exactly… Could you give me examples of how we can get into a customers "mind"?
 
John: Do you see that "Bicqlo" over there? How do you feel about two different companies coming together for a common goal?
 
Tanaka: I’m not sure. I don’t see how a merger between two companies from different industries could benefit anyone.
   
John: It isn’t a merger Tanaka san but rather a joint venture or collaboration between two entities with a common goal. To diversify their products in a way that will attract common and potential customers.
   
Tanaka: I don’t get it. How do they have common customers?
   
John: You may think these two corporate entities differ in their target base but by integrating their products together, they are marketing a "lifestyle" using their respective products and creating a new environment for customers to visit. From an American viewpoint, I think this is not unique in how they are utilizing their marketing and branding strategies as US companies have been doing this for years..
   
Tanaka: Really? How so? Which companies in the US collaborate with one another?
   
John: Well to name a few.. Starbucks and Barnes&Noble, McDonalds and Exxon, Burger King and Shell, etc..
   
Tanaka: How do they benefit?
   
John: For starters, they can share operational expenses and lower rent costs. They can also attract customers that would not otherwise visit their stores.
   
Tanaka: I see. This concept I feel is new to Japan.. I wonder how it will hold up in this competitive market.
 

上記の会話の日本語訳はこちらをクリック’(印刷可): JAPANESE VERSION

 

 
–This section will cover a broad range of different grammar rules and explanations to help you understand sentence structure and improve awareness of English grammar.
このコーナーでは文法の規則や英文の構成についてわかりやすく学べます。
Special! TOEIC REVIEW AND STUDY
Check your understanding by selecting the correct answer below: 
Read each of the following of sentences and select the best answer. Print out this lesson plan and ask your teacher to assist you in understanding the grammar rules if you do not understand your mistakes..
Part V – Multiple Choice
 
1. Ms. Andrews is hoping to change ______ daily routine to be more conducive to a healthier lifestyle.
   
A. herself
B. her
C. she
D. hers
   
6. Regulations have been enacted to ensure that labels on all medications are easily ______ .
   
A. understand
B. understanding
C. understandable
D. understandably
   
2. Sarah would have to seriously change the lifestyle she leads ______ if she is concerned about her health.
   
A. herself
B. her own
C. she
D. by her
   
7. Because of the recent blizzard, students are ______ confused as to whether class would be postponed or cancelled.
   
A. understand
B. understanding
C. understandable
D. understandably
   
3. He has very high ______ for his new job, although he has only been there for a little over a week.
   
A. expect
B. expecting
C. expectedly
D. expectations
   
8. Due to the typhoon interrupting classes this week, students will be ______ to submit their final essays next week.
   
A. permission
B. permitting
C. permitted
D. permissible
   
4. ______ Anthony, who else in our division is looking for other ways of reducing company costs and improving profits?
   
A. Excepting
B. Exception
C. Except
D. Accept
   
9. Clients wishing to cancel ______ appointment must do so within 48 hours to avoid a penalty fee.
   
A. them
B. themselves
C. their
D. theirs
   
5. Construction of the new shopping mall is expected to last ______ early September due to recent delays.
   
A. further
B. until
C. in
D. at
   
10. I truly appreciate the corporate brochures you sent but could you give me ______ information about your company?
   
A. farther
B. further
C. addition
D. additionally
   
 
Grammar Study: NOUN + PREPOSITION
In English, there are some special situations where certain nouns are followed by different prepositions. Lets look at some examples.
For example:
a demand (for) cause (of)
a reason (for) a difference (between)
an advantage/ disadvantage (of) an attitude (to)
– "there is" an advantage (in)    
a relationship (with) damage (to)
-relationship (between) two people/things invitation (to)
a photograph/picture/map/plan/drawing (of) a solution (to)
an increase/ decrease (in)  

Read each of the following sentences and complete the missing part using one of the nouns above with its appropriate preposition. (Each noun+preposition example above can only be used once)

Print out this lesson plan and ask your teacher to assist you in understanding the grammar rules if you do not understand your mistakes..

1. The fire department has not figured out the ______ ______ the explosion.
2. Why was he so rude? I could not understand his behavior and ______ ______ my coworkers.
3. Have you done the homework assignment yet? I need to know the ______ ______ question 5 on page 49.
4. Kumiko has a very good ______ ______ her family. They get along very well.
5. If you had driven more safely, you would not have caused ______ ______ my car. I know have to take it in for repairs.
6. The ______ ______ prices over the last several years have made it difficult for families to afford basic necessities.
7. Jenny mentioned that her salary remains relatively unchanged since she changed jobs. The ______ ______ her current salary and her previous salary is negligable.
8. Yuko, have you received an ______ ______ the wedding reception? I have not gotten mine yet but will wait by the mailbox everday until it comes.
9. Wow, you look so young! Is this an old ______ ______ you when you were a student in college?
10. Apple has been inundated with orders for the new iPhone 5 since ______ ______ the new phones haven’t subsided.
11. Other than having trains run more often, what are the ______ ______ living in the city rather than the country?
12. What ______ did Sarah give you ______ coming to work late this morning? Did she say she overslept or did she have a better excuse?
13. Google and Apple have developed great applications to help people find the best directions. They both provide detailed ______ ______ any city with clear points of interests.
14. A ______ ________ the value of the dollar with regards to the exchange rate from 80yen/dollar on January 1st to 76yen/dollar on January 31 made my decision to study in Japan more difficult since I would not have enough to pay for tuition.
15. One of the many _______ ________ this software is that it is expensive and difficult to install.
   
 
Check your answers!
 
 
TOEIC対策(読解&リスニング問題編)Eメールとユーザネームの入力でテストの結果がメールで受け取れます。
 
[kml_flashembed publishmethod=”static” fversion=”8.0.0″ movie=”https://www.members.eigopass.com/flashquiz/toeicsentence/Quiz 20/quiz.swf” width=”636″ height=”480″ targetclass=”flashmovie”] [/kml_flashembed]
[kml_flashembed publishmethod=”static” fversion=”8.0.0″ movie=”https://www.members.eigopass.com/flashquiz/TOEIC850/quiz2audio/quiz.swf” width=”636″ height=”480″ targetclass=”flashmovie”] [/kml_flashembed]
 
 
NEW! – Are you into politics? If so, do you vote in line with your political party affiliation or do you vote for the candidate?

(Stephen American 36y.o. ): I live and sleep politics. There has not been a day that went by since May that I did not check current news events and polls. With regards to party lines, I was raised in a republican family with conservative views. I believed that corporations should be given more tax breaks to encourage investment and growth.

This would then ultimately lead to job creation and nurture an economy that fosters entrepreneurship. After all, a government that governs best, governs least. Through the years and the fallout of the subprime mortgage crisis, I have changed my views quite a bit. On some issues, I still remain relatively conservative while on others, I am more liberal. Truth be told, I would classify myself as an Independent as I vote for the candidate and the issues they represent. The political affiliation of the candidate only has minimal bearing on swaying my vote.

 

【日本語訳】 (スティーブン アメリカ:36歳): 私は起きても寝ても政治です。5月以降で時事や世論調査を見ない日はありません。政党に関しては、保守的な観点をもつ共和党一家で育てられました。会社はより多くの税金控除を受け、投資や成長を促すべきだと思っていました。

これは最終的には雇用創出につながり、起業を促進する経済を育てる。結局は最も良い政治は抑制が最低限である政治です。だが、数年間とサブプライム危機の進行の間で、私の見方は変わってきました。ある問題に関してはまだ比較的保守的である反面、そのほかでは自由主義であります。本当をいうと私は候補者と彼らが代表する問題に対して投票するため、自分は無所属であると思います。その候補者の政党は私の票に最低限の影響しか及ぼしません。

 
 

(Cindy American 28y.o. ): Crazy isn’t it? How the nation can be divided into only 2 groups that can really symbolize the division among people. I really hate politics as it involves liars and cheaters who care about nothing other than themselves. Isn’t that the true nature of politics? To lie, steal, and do who knows what just to promote their political agenda.

I care about issues that connect with me such as a woman’s right to choose how she lives her life. I uphold the belief that men and women are created equal and if same sex couples want to get married, why should the government intervene? Does that make me a Democrat?

Who knows. All I know is that I am voting for Obama 🙂

 

【日本語訳】 (シンディー アメリカ:28歳):おかしいと思いません?国家はたった2つのグループに分かれられて、人々の区分を表せるなんて。私は政治なんて、自分以外の何も気にしないうそつきや詐欺師を含むから嫌いなんです。それが政治の本来の姿ではありませんか?うそをついて、盗み、政治的指針を進めるために何でもすること。

私は自分と関連ある問題に関心があります、例えば女性の権利やどのように女性が自分の人生を生きるか。私は男性や女性は同等であると信じています。そして、同姓のカップルが結婚したいのなら、どうして政府が介入すべきであろうか?それ(そのような考え)は私を民主党と定めますか?

分からないけど、私が確信しいるのは私はオバマ氏に投票するということです 🙂

 
 

(What do you think? : Are you political? What issues are you conservative on and liberal on? Do you think citizens of Japan should be able to vote for their Prime Minister? Explain your reasons…)